{"id":8828,"date":"2020-12-15T19:05:57","date_gmt":"2020-12-15T18:05:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/?p=8828"},"modified":"2020-12-15T19:05:57","modified_gmt":"2020-12-15T18:05:57","slug":"wireless-charging-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/2020\/12\/15\/wireless-charging-2\/","title":{"rendered":"New SAE Wireless Charging standard is EV game-changer"},"content":{"rendered":"

Wireless Power Transfer System example showing\u00a0EVSE, Communications,\u00a0Ground Assembly and Vehicle Assembly.\u00a0<\/em>(WiTricity)<\/p>\n

SAE J2954 paves the way for electric vehicle charging without a plug and enables alignment for manual\/autonomous parking.<\/p>\n

SAE International on October 22 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document,\u00a0both\u00a0the\u00a0electric\u00a0vehicle- and\u00a0supply equipment (EVSE)\u00a0ground-system requirements for wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV). The new standard, SAE J2954<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0helps pave the way for charging without the need for plugging in \u2013 widely considered\u00a0to be\u00a0a key enabler for\u00a0accelerating the\u00a0adoption of EVs\u00a0and\u00a0autonomous\u00a0vehicles.<\/p>\n

The new standard was more than a decade in the making. SAE kicked off its pioneering pre-competitive research at a time when few contemporary electric cars existed and wireless power transfer\u00a0(WPT) systems\u00a0for EVs were\u00a0an unproven concept. The SAE J2954 Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment Taskforce worked since 2007 to thoroughly vet and test the technology, in partnership with government agencies, regulatory bodies and private-industry groups including the American Association of Medical Instrumentation\u00a0(AAMI), U.S. Dept. of Energy\u00a0(DoE), the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), automotive OEMs, Tier 1\u00a0suppliers and many others.<\/p>\n

\u201cCharging your EV should be as simple as parking and walking away\u00a0\u2013\u00a0the wireless charging SAE J2954 Standard gives freedom and convenience to do exactly that, safely and automatically,\u201d stated Jesse Schneider, chair of the SAE J2954 Task Force.\u00a0WPT\u00a0systems\u00a0work by\u00a0parking in a wireless charging\u00a0spot,\u00a0with the vehicle positioned\u00a0over an SAE J2954-compatible\u00a0ground assembly pad.\u00a0After a communications handshake, charging begins automatically without\u00a0a\u00a0physical\u00a0corded\u00a0connection.<\/p>\n

Power\u00a0is transferred by creating a magnetic\u00a0resonance\u00a0field between\u00a0the\u00a0transmitting pad\u00a0on the ground\u00a0(wired to the grid)\u00a0and a receiving pad\u00a0fitted\u00a0on the underside of\u00a0the vehicle. The\u00a0energy\u00a0crosses an air gap\u00a0(the ground clearance\u00a0between the pads)\u00a0and is then converted\u00a0from AC\u00a0into DC\u00a0on the vehicle\u00a0to charge the vehicle batteries.<\/p>\n

The technology is a safe and efficient method for transferring power from the AC\u00a0grid\u00a0supply to the electric vehicle. Tests\u00a0using a 10-in. (250-mm)\u00a0ground clearance\u00a0have shown that WPT systems operate at grid-to-battery efficiencies\u00a0of up to 94%.\u00a0WPT\u00a0with additional alignment elements in SAE J2954\u00a0also fulfills the charging requirements for autonomous EVs\u00a0to charge themselves without human interaction.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe SAE J2954\u00a0standard is a game-changer\u00a0by\u00a0giving\u00a0a\u00a0\u2018cook-book\u2019\u00a0specification\u00a0for developing\u00a0both the\u00a0vehicle\u00a0and charging infrastructure\u00a0wireless\u00a0power transfer, as one-system,\u00a0compatible to 11\u00a0kW,\u201d Schneider\u00a0said.\u00a0\u201cThe SAE J2954 alignment technology\u00a0gives\u00a0additional\u00a0parking assistance,\u00a0even\u00a0allowing for vehicles\u00a0to\u00a0park and\u00a0charge themselves\u00a0autonomously.\u201d He noted that the\u00a0SAE J2954\u00a0task force\u00a0coordinated its efforts\u00a0with industry\u00a0and other\u00a0standards\u00a0organizations\u00a0to\u00a0ensure\u00a0global\u00a0harmonization.\u00a0\u201cPublishing SAE J2954\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0major step forward\u00a0in\u00a0wireless\u00a0charging commercialization\u00a0for\u00a0EVs,\u201d\u00a0Schneider\u00a0said.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

11-kW\u00a0Universal Ground Assembly\u00a0<\/strong>
\nA critical issue addressed early in the\u00a0SAE J2954\u00a0process was to classify\u00a0products in terms of\u00a0charging levels, vehicle ground clearance and systems interoperability.\u00a0Three power levels were established: WPT1 (3.7 kW), WPT2 (7 kW), and WPT3 (11 kW).\u00a0The WPT system consists of two \u201csides.\u201d\u00a0The Ground Assembly (GA)\u00a0encompassing\u00a0the charging hardware\u00a0which is wired into the grid. The other side\u00a0includes the on-vehicle equipment known as\u00a0the Vehicle Assembly (VA).<\/p>\n

SAE J2954 establishes a universal Ground Assembly for WPT3,\u00a0critical\u00a0especially for public infrastructures. It\u00a0is downward-compatible to charge vehicles also at\u00a0WPT1\u00a0and\u00a0WPT2.\u00a0The goal is that the WPT-GAs\u00a0will be\u00a0installed in publicly\u00a0available parking spaces,\u00a0per the setup in\u00a0today\u2019s plug-in charging infrastructure. Installation\u00a0with\u00a0WPT3\u00a0will\u00a0allow downward compatibility.<\/p>\n

For ease of use, SAE J2954 specifies the requirements to make the GAs and VAs fully interoperable \u2013\u00a0so that any\u00a0vehicle will be able to charge when it is parked in an SAE J2954 GA-equipped parking location.\u00a0There is also\u00a0the\u00a0possibility to have specific designs for\u00a0captive fleets;\u00a0as described in SAE J2954,\u00a0in this case a\u00a0GA\u00a0would only be\u00a0expected to fully operate with a specific group of vehicles.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Proven interoperability\u00a0<\/strong>
\nTo validate its performance targets, safety limits and methodologies, the SAE J2954 standard includes key parameters such as minimum efficiency,\u00a0EMI\u00a0and EMF (electromagnetic\u00a0interference and\u00a0field) limits\u00a0as well as\u00a0foreign object detection.\u00a0There are\u00a0three overlapping ranges of vehicle ground clearances from 100 to 250\u00a0mm (3.9 to 9.8 in.)\u00a0and\u00a0three levels of grid input to the GA up to 11.1 kVA. Parking tolerances\u00a0are\u00a0\u00b175\u00a0mm\u00a0(3.0 in.)\u00a0in the direction of travel and \u00b1100 mm\u00a0(3.9 in.)\u00a0in the lateral direction.<\/p>\n

The SAE J2954\u00a0task force\u00a0concluded\u00a0that to ensure interoperability, the ability of systems to transfer power, as designed by different manufacturers, must be validated\u00a0in both bench and vehicle testing.\u00a0SAE J2954\u00a0standardizes\u00a0a WPT GA\/VA\u00a0test station, along with coil specifications to evaluate the requirements for safety,\u00a0interoperability\u00a0and performance. This\u00a0allowed OEMs and Tier 1s\u00a0alike\u00a0to prove their vehicles and charging\u00a0sub-systems were compatible with SAE J2954 requirements and guidelines.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0baseline\u00a0bench testing of the WPT Systems\u00a0was\u00a0carried out at both\u00a0the DOE\u2019s\u00a0Idaho National Laboratories and TDK RF\u00a0Solutions, evaluating\u00a0the GA side and the VA sides.\u00a0Since these were\u00a0prototype systems, the\u00a0SAE J2954 defined VA\/GA\u00a0test\u00a0station was built\u00a0to allow\u00a0for consistent\u00a0tests conditions\u00a0over\u00a0the range of\u00a0parking\u00a0alignments, output voltages and ground clearances.<\/p>\n

First\u00a0paired\u00a0GAs and VAs provided by the same manufacturer \u2013 a so-called \u201cmatched subsystem\u201d\u00a0was tested.\u00a0Performance data (input power, power factor, output power, efficiency, maximum power presented to the load) at various output voltages, along with misalignment conditions and vehicle ground clearances was\u00a0evaluated.\u00a0The results\u00a0of the bench testing showed that the\u00a0performance targets were\u00a0realistic\u00a0and\u00a0different\u00a0suppliers, following SAE J2954,\u00a0could meet requirements.<\/p>\n

The second phase\u00a0of testing\u00a0was performed\u00a0with GAs and VAs\u00a0from\u00a0different manufacturers\u00a0to establish\u00a0non-matched\u00a0interoperable configurations.\u00a0The goal was to demonstrate that these\u00a0different\u00a0system sub-components could\u00a0work together;\u00a0even though\u00a0there had been no prior verification. The results showed that\u00a0with\u00a0competitor\u00a0interoperable\u00a0configurations, performance\u00a0could be\u00a0reached\u00a0similar to\u00a0matched systems, hence proving interoperability between competitor GA\/VA following SAE J2954.\u00a0The work was published under \u201cBench Testing Validation of Wireless Power Transfer up to 7.7kW Based on SAE J2954<\/a><\/strong>,\u201d SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Electron. Electr. Syst. 11(2):89-108, 2018.<\/p>\n

Safety and emissions\u00a0testing\u00a0<\/strong>
\nWith the\u00a0initial\u00a0bench\u00a0performance\u00a0test results, the\u00a0coil specifications for the GA and VA\u00a0\u2013 the factors to enable interoperable power transfer \u2013 were\u00a0validated.\u00a0Further testing was done related to\u00a0safety and emission aspects, as well as the transition from test-bench measurements\u00a0including\u00a0real vehicle measurements.<\/p>\n

A final test-bench study was done to evaluate the\u00a0impact of WPT on Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED) was considered in consultation with\u00a0the\u00a0AAMI\u00a0and ISO.\u00a0WPT\u00a0systems\u00a0of different\u00a0coil\u00a0topologies\u00a0were\u00a0brought\u00a0to the\u00a0FDA\u00a0laboratory for\u00a0evaluation\u00a0of the impact on actual medical devices\u00a0(running pacemakers)\u00a0during WPT. The results of the\u00a0FDA\u00a0tests resulted in agreements on limits and system requirements\u00a0and solidified that the public infrastructure GA would be circular topology, proven to be within SAE J2954 and AAMI limits.<\/p>\n

Thereafter, vehicle systems were to be tested.\u00a0A group of companies\u00a0including\u00a0Aptiv, BMW, Continental, Ford, General Motors,\u00a0Hevo, Honda, Hyundai, IHI,\u00a0KAIST, Lear, Qualcomm, Toyota,\u00a0and\u00a0WiTricity, under SAE leadership, created a Cooperative Research Project (CRP) with industry-committed funds for additional vehicle and emissions testing. In those tests conducted at TDK RF\u00a0Solutions\u00a0near Austin,\u00a0Texas,\u00a0automakers\u00a0and\u00a0suppliers brought\u00a0vehicles.\u00a0Different suppliers brought\u00a0GAs\u00a0that\u00a0were tested for\u00a0performance, interoperability,\u00a0and\u00a0EMI\/EMF\u00a0emissions.<\/p>\n

The focus of those tests was to determine the field emissions using calibrated and certified equipment and industry standard procedures so that equipment developers could determine areas of improvement and to correlate with their own laboratory test results. These tests were done in both matched and interoperable configurations, verifying that the integration of the VAs onto the vehicles\u00a0and the results\u00a0in final\u00a0validation of\u00a0SAE J2954.\u00a0The work was published under \u201cValidation of Wireless Power Transfer up to 11kW Based on SAE J2954 with Bench and Vehicle Testing<\/a>,\u201d<\/strong> SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0868, 2019.<\/p>\n

SAE\u00a0spearheaded harmonization with numerous\u00a0Standards Development Organizations (SDOs)\u00a0and\u00a0regulatory agencies\u00a0including\u00a0FCC,\u00a0FDA,\u00a0ITU-R\u00a0and CEPT.\u00a0To help\u00a0harmonize worldwide standardization\u00a0and\u00a0ensure as much compatibility as practical across these documents, SAE established\u00a0an\u00a0MOU with ISO\u00a0and Underwriters Laboratories for their UL 2750 Document for EVSE Certification.<\/p>\n

In 2019, the\u00a0SAE J2954\u00a0team\u00a0hosted a joint meeting\u00a0with leadership from ISO, IEC,\u00a0and the GB\/T\u00a0standards groups to ensure international compatibility of standards. Incompatibilities between the documents in development were identified\u00a0and\u00a0actions\u00a0were given to\u00a0each of\u00a0the\u00a0organizations\u00a0to\u00a0modify\u00a0their documents to minimize differences. As a result,\u00a0a\u00a0homologation\u00a0agreement was made so that\u00a0systems compliant with these standards\u00a0will work\u00a0around the globe.<\/p>\n

In 2020, ISO 19363 created a vehicle-side standard\u00a0(VA only), and IEC\/ISO continue in development of standards with its four-document series (IEC-61980-1, -2 and -3, plus ISO 15118-8 and ISO 15118-20). China published part of the GB\/T 38775-series and continues to work on its eight documents. SAE J2954,\u00a0published in 2020,\u00a0also\u00a0enables\u00a0worldwide harmonization of WPT.\u00a0Looking to the future, the SAE J2954 Taskforce has begun a new effort for\u00a0higher power WPT\u00a0with SAE J2954\/2 also for\u00a0busses and heavy-duty\u00a0vehicles.<\/p>\n

SAE J2847\/6\u00a0<\/strong>
\nWireless communication\u00a0for control of the\u00a0WPT\u00a0charging process had been proprietary for each supplier\u00a0until\u00a0SAE J2847\/6\u00a0[https:\/\/www.sae.org\/standards\/content\/j2847\/6_201508\/]\u00a0was published in 2015. In 2020,\u00a0the\u00a0SAE\u00a0Hybrid\/\u00a0EV communications\u00a0taskforce\u00a0updated the J2847\/6\u00a0document\u00a0by\u00a0leveraging\u00a0the work of the SAE J2954 Alignment and Controls Sub-Team\u00a0extended\u00a0a JSON-based message set (protocol) originally developed to bench test wireless energy transfer interoperability between unmatched GA and VA systems.<\/p>\n

\u201cSAE J2847\/6 is a communications document utilizing\u00a0WiFi, IEEE 802.11n, designed specifically with the SAE J2954 standard and facilitates the automatic wireless charging experience while allowing for continuous optimization of the WPT system.\u201d stated Ky Sealy, co-lead of SAE J2847\/6.\u00a0This is described in SAE J2847\/6<\/a><\/strong> \u2013\u00a0Communication for Wireless Power Transfer Between Light-Duty Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Wireless EV Charging Stations.<\/p>\n

Published in Sept. 2020 as a Recommended Practice,\u00a0SAE J2847\/6 furthers that work by adding messages sufficient to indicate proper coil alignment,\u00a0initialize\u00a0the sub-systems for\u00a0wireless charging, ramp-up to full power, perform active wireless power transfer, and terminate the WPT session.\u00a0The first recommended practice,\u00a0SAE\u00a0J2847\/6,\u00a0is developed for captive fleets, additional security measures\u00a0are to be developed by the automaker and EVSE supplier.\u00a0For more information, contact Dante Rahdar, SAE Ground Vehicle Standards Specialist at\u00a0Dante.Rahdar@sae.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n

By Jennifer Shuttleworth <\/span><\/p>\n

Source: https:\/\/www.sae.org<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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FLEET MANAGEMENT AUDIT<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wireless Power Transfer System example showing\u00a0EVSE, Communications,\u00a0Ground Assembly and Vehicle Assembly.\u00a0(WiTricity) SAE J2954 paves the way for electric vehicle charging without a plug and enables alignment for manual\/autonomous parking. SAE International on October 22 announced publication of the first global standard that specifies, in a single document,\u00a0both\u00a0the\u00a0electric\u00a0vehicle- and\u00a0supply equipment (EVSE)\u00a0ground-system requirements for wireless charging of…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8829,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[18],"tags":[230],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8828"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8828"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8828\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8830,"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8828\/revisions\/8830"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8828"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advancedfleetmanagementconsulting.com\/eng\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}